Public Finance as the study of income Essay

Public FinanceIntroductionAccording to Hyman, 2010, the term public finance is defined as the study of how the government through rationing the use of government goods and services and funding their resource costs affects price incentives, production possibilities, and resource utilization. In the case, the author implies that the public finance sector is wholly identified as government related, and the private sector has very little influence on its activities. Chand, 2008, defines public finance as the study of income, debt, and expenditure of the government. He then goes ahead and gives the main difference with the term private investment; that unlike focusing on the government, private funding is for an individual or institution. The study of public finance also incorporates the analysis of the various fiscal and economic policies that the government comes up with to deal with the debts taken. Therefore, the definitions by Hyman, 2010, and Chand, 2008, are in harmony with each other. In Bhatia, 2009, Public Finance is defined as the subject that discusses financial operations of the government treasury. Bhatia, 2009, offers a comprehensive definition of the term public finance by first explaining the concept of public and private goods. In this angle, he is, therefore, able to formulate a definition that allows the reader to see the rationale of public sector economics. The role of the government in the public finance sector is also said to be regulatory; being termed as the invisible hand of market forces. The author, therefore, builds up the decision logically and therefore easily comprehendible. Kennedy, 2012, offers a different approach towards the definition of public finance. Instead of coming up with her definition of the subject, she quotes existing definitions that accurately meet the demands of the reader. The most comprehensive is that of Dalton, that states that public finance is concerned with the expenditure and income processes of public authorities and the adjustment of one to the other. In total, the author summarizes the definitions and terms public finance as the activity concerned with the explanation of how governments collect revenue, incur expenditure and the administration of the tax expenditure process CITATION MMa12 l 1033 (Kennedy, 2012). References BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhatia, H. L. (2009). Public Finance. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt . Chand, S. (2008). Public Finance, Volume 1. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. Hyman, D. (2010). Public Finance. Boston, Massachussets: Cengage Learning. Kennedy, M. M. (2012). Public Finance. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Source document

New York’s Midtown North

New York's Midtown North is made up of several precincts, with one unique in the city: the CPP, or Central Park Precinct. The precinct is home to 42 species of birds year round, with up to 300 species sighted there at various seasons, and there are also squirrels, birds, fish, rabbits, turtles, frogs and other animals. There are not, however, any human residents. There is an enormous amount of human activity occupying the 840 acres of land and 150 acres of water. In addition to 58 miles of pedestrian paths, 6 miles of vehicle drives and almost 5 miles of bridle paths, there are also world-class attractions, including: 1. Tavern on the Green Restaurant 5. Loeb Boathouse (miniature sailboat club) 11. Bethesda Terrace and Fountain 14. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (NYPD Web site) The park itself was designed in 1858 by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux, two giants of architecture of the period. The nation's first designated public park, Central Park is laid out so that, even when the park is full of people and events, there are hidden, quiet places as well as open fields. Although between 16 and 20 million people visit the park each year, it is possible to feel completely alone with nature among the park's 26,000 trees. (One can also play tennis on 30 courts, or ball on 26 ball fields or swim in a pool at the northern end, or ride a merry-go-round not far from the Central Park Zoo.) (NYPD Web site) In addition, the â€Å"Delacorte Theatre has ‘Shakespeare in the Park' from mid June through the end of August each year. The Central Park Summerstage, located at Rumsey Playground – E. 72 St. and the East Drive, has free performances from June through the beginning of August on Saturdays and Sundays at 3 pm. The New York Grand Opera has free performances at various times throughout the summer†(NYPD Web site). It seems that of all the precincts in New York City, the CPP is uniquely appropriate for Problem-Oriented Policing. In addition, because of New York's position as a ‘world city' and after 9/11, the NYPD has also benefited from learning how to ‘surge,' a tactic that can be invaluable in a precinct where incidents are likely to happen at odd times at specific locations. Surging has lately been perfected for putative terrorist activities â€Å"At least three times a day, New York's intelligence division sends 100 officers to swarm a specific location that their information suggests could be a target. It's called a surge† (Montaigne, 2005). When a surge happens, officers spend the five or six hours after it fanning out into the neighborhood, shops and subway, asking questions and looking for anything suspicious. In 2004 and so far in 2005, there have been no murders in Central Park, and only one rape in 2005. Robbery, however, has increased, with none 6 in 2005 to date, and 4 in 2004. Felonious assault is down ho3wever, from 4 in 2004 to 2 in 2005 to date. There was one burglary in 2004, none in 2005 to date. Grand Larceny is also may be down for the year. In 2004 there were 11, with 7 in 2005 to date. Citywide, the murder rate is down, from 184 in 2004 to 161 in 2005 to date, for a 12.5 percent decrease at current rates. Rape is also down, from 627 in 2004 to 585 in 2005 today, a 6.7 percent rate of change. Robbery was up, however, from 7,638 for all of 2004 to 7,690 to date in 2005. Felonious assaults were down from 5,842 in 2004 to 5,430 t date in 2005, for a decrease of 7 percent. Burglaries were also down, from 9.981 in 2004 to 7,767 in 2005 to date, a 13.5 percent decrease. Grand larceny citywide was also down, although by only 1.8 percent, from 15,258 in 2004 to 14,976 in 2005 to date (NYPD Compstat). These statistics are surprising, in view of the difficulties inherent in patrolling Central Park. In 1965, poet Robert Lowell published a poem called â€Å"Central Park† that seemed to expose precisely what was happening then. each landscaped crag, each flowering hides a policeman with a club† (Quoted by Vitullo-Martin, 2003). Vitullo-Martin noted that â€Å"design elements that helped make the park a refuge from the city-secluded woodlands, hidden coves, paths that curve and dip from sight, Lowell's flowering shrubs-also made the park hard to protect or patrol. Central Park's fame and beauty made it a prized site for concerts, protests, marches, rallies and celebrations. But the huge crowds also attracted crime† (2003). Arguably, the factor that made the difference between then and now can be attributed to the characteristics of Problem-Oriented Policing. Compstat is an integral part of that strategy, showing police captains at a glance where the trouble spots are, both geographically and in terms of types of crime. According to Moore (2005), Problem-oriented policing (POP) â€Å"is a police management philosophy that entails SARA: scanning to identify, specify, and describe specific problems to include analysis in which the causes of the identified problems are explored fully and response that refers to the search for ‘tailor made' solutions to remove the specific or general causes of the problems through implementation of concepts supported by assessment concerning the process where the solutions implemented are evaluated in terms of effectiveness and strategies.† Although Moore's definition sounds overly analytical, in fact, POP depends for success on all the ‘buzzword' tactics of modern business: values, ethics, communication, vision and empowerment. Glassoock, writing in the FBI Journal in 2001, noted that although POP initiatives have had an excellent affect on external, end-product issues-that is, reduction of crime-â€Å"it seems prudent and appropriate to also apply the concept to internal problems.† Glassoock contends that the likelihood of success with the end product is â€Å"much influenced, if not driven, by the organization's internal constitution† (2001). A department must, he says, attend to internal issues with thoughtful deliberation. In addition, he recommends that so-called â€Å"outsiders† such as citizens and business leaders be invited to contribute to initiatives, and goes so far as to say that â€Å"To the extent that a police department remains open to the inclusion of these individuals, the likelihood of successful internal problem-solving increases† (2001). As noted, successful internal operations-including communication and empowerment, especially-are essential to producing the end-product, lower crime rates. New York City and especially the CCP, are heavily involved in just such efforts. Chief among its programs are an Auxiliary Police Unit consisting of men and women from 17 to 60 years of age. They patrol the park in uniform acting as the eyes and ears of the police. There are 42 members, whose work is supplemented by the work of 42 Parkwatchers, â€Å"concerned citizens who keep a watchful eye on the park. When criminal activity is observed they report it to the police† (NYPD Web site). It is obvious that CCP, perhaps more than other city precincts, interacts frequently and effectively with non-officer personnel who are trusted with important work. Another such outfit is the Roadrunners Safety Patrol. These helpers patrol in pairs and carry interwatch radios; there are 72 of them. An additional 70 New York Skaters Association members are also enlisted to provide information to the precinct (NYPD Web site). Perhaps the most famous of the groups assisting the CCP is the Guardian Angel Patrol. There are 61 Guardian Angels trained and enlisted. An essential part of the POP program is the Park Enforcement Patrol, or PEP. Established by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation, it is a unformed patrol with the mission of providing safer parks, encouraging the public in the proper use of parks and discouraging the misuse and destruction of park property. â€Å"During the busy weekend and summer periods, and during all special events such as concerts and races, PEP officers patrol the park to help people enjoy the event and to keep order. If park users become ill or are injured, the PEP officer will provide first aid and request an ambulance and police. People in trouble and in need of assistance look for PEP officers. These specially trained officers also assist the N.Y.P.D. by enforcing quality of life violations in the park† (NYPD Web site). Working with them is the only volunteer ambulance service in Central Park, the Central Park Medical Unit, which responds to accidents â€Å"involving park users, bicyclists, rollerbladers, joggers, etc.. The Central Park Medical Unit assists the N.Y.C.E.M.S.† (NYPD Web site). The POP success doesn't depend entirely on uniformed and/or trained volunteers, however. The CCP's Robbery Reduction Unit consists of one Sergeant and five Police Officers who are deployed at â€Å"robbery prone locations† (NYPD Web site). Non-police work also becomes part of the mission in a POP-driven unit such as CCP. For instance, in concert the Central Park Precinct Youth Officers and Community Police Unit conduct truancy sweeps (NYPD Web site). While trying to keep kids in school, the precinct also tries to keep bicycles in the hands of their rightful owners. CCP runs a bicycle registration program in an effort to deter thefts (NYPD Web site). A unique N-Force is a unit consisting of one sergeant and three police officers that focuses on quality of life conditions; they are deployed at â€Å"areas that the precinct commander designates as priority locations† (NYPD Web site). In its dialog with the community, CCP also has a Community Council that meets with police officials to seek ways to solve local problems; the CCP council has 146 active members. Finally, CCP participates in a Thanksgiving Food Drive and a Winter Coat Drive, as well as Toys for Tots to help children in disadvantaged families (NYPD Web site). The first item on the NYPD mission statement is â€Å"To protect life and property, reduce crime, improve the quality of life while dealing with the citizens of this city with courtesy, professionalism, and respect† (NYPD Web site). It is apparent both from the crime statistics in this ‘global playground' and the number, range and type of community and quasi-police organizations that communications, values, vision and empowerment are working in this highly unusual precinct, in which there are no residents, but only visitors of every possible type and intent. Glassoock notes that since the 1980s, â€Å"law enforcement agencies have applied the concept of problem-oriented policing to many community problems, such as alcohol-related crimes, burglaries, graffiti, sex offenses, and trespassing† all of which a precinct that was completely park and special-use structures would be prone to have. Glassoock notes that â€Å"Because POP emphasizes solving a problem as the dominant decision-making mode, officers attaining management positions must rethink their decision-making styles learned earlier in their careers. They must consider that the appropriateness of different decision-making styles varies depending upon whether officers are responding to calls or solving problems† (2001). It is apparent that CCP has been successful.

Company law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company law - Assignment Example The firm which was formed five years go in the town of Oldchester is therefore, a partnership for a fixed term with written set of partnership articles. The partnership deed is a contractual agreement between the partners in a given partnership. It stipulates guidelines and the relationship between the partners and between the partners and third parties such as the firm. When former their partnership, the three partners, Lindsay Peart, Mary Hope and Janine Foster had drawn a partnership deed. One of the clauses which are in the deed is 18 on the conduct of partners and condition for expulsion of a partner. Of late, the partnership has been parting in the midst of a crisis caused by uncouth conduct of one of the partners, Lindsay Peart. Lindsay has been away from the daily management of the partnership on the pretext of sickness. However, the other two partners have information that she had actually been convicted and fined for criminal offence for damage. To make matters worse, her s ocial behavior has had negative effect on the firm image. It is alleged that she had written some swear words on the wall of a Bank in the town with spray paint while under the influence of alcohol. The behavior of Lindsay has become unbearable prompting the other two partners to consider expelling her from the partnership. ... The process of expelling Peart from the partnership will be heavily guided by the clause 18 of the partnership deed and the partnership Act of 1890 (HM Revenue &Customs, 2011). The clause 18 advices Mary and Janine to follow the due process; by writing to notify her of their intention to exorcise her from the partnership. The notice can be served to her in person or be left the partnerships’ office (Mesriani Law Group,2011). In the notice, Mary and Janine should quote extensively clause 18 to make Peart aware of the grounds for expulsion. Notifying her of the reason for expulsion will avoid loosing a legal case as happened in Barnes v Young where it was rulwed that the partnes had an obligation to notify the expellee on reasons for expulsion. The apparent absence of Lindsay in the firm has been the major cause of the upheavals resulting in the halting of the extension project and the resulting legal battles with the contractor. Initially, the firm had entered into a contract w ith standard Construction Ltd to extend the premises by adding a new entrance hallway to their office. Standard Construction Ltd successfully sued Foster, Peart and Hope Architects for damages amounting to ?4,000 for the work completed. Why place the blame on Lindsay, one would ask. As a matter of fact, Foster, Peart and Hope Architects are a partnership where the partners are actively involved in the running of the business on day to day basis. The three partners share duties and other roles within the firm. Apparently, Lindsay Peart was directly responsible for the implementation of the extension project, leaving the other two partners to concentrate on other

The Vision Wow Factor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Vision Wow Factor - Assignment Example This is to enable the management to diagnose formal and informal differentiation and integration of tasks within the organization. Belief that the proposed specific change is inappropriate can emanate from the notion that the staff have little work or are either overloaded with work therefore the capacity to serve is also impaired thereby see no need for change. Belief that the timing is wrong, all stake holders are to be called and assured of the strong sense of urgency shared with the rest of the company and to emphasize continuous improvement. â€Å"Excessive change† cannot be substantiated therefore the senior management needs just to give direction of the particular change being initiated. Should ensure management mobilizes all the relevant parties on board and the change does not necessarily to be large. Cumulative effect of other changes in one’s life is only countered if the morale is high in the organization’s employees. Also the management should ensure a two way of communication that reaches all levels of management in the organization for the employee to communicate ho they feel about the change irrespective of what transpires in their lives. Perceived clash with ethics is to be avoided as it works against the objective of the organization. There should the organization ethical framework that should be respected at all costs. Reaction to the experience of previous changes, if the organization had previously implemented major changes in the recent past and went on smoothly then it is on the right path of progression. However, if there was legacy of anger and resentment, acknowledgment of equivocal success is to be expected in any attempts to initiate change. Disagreement in the... The two different frameworks all tend to give a unique definition of a visions statement. Duke (2005, 33) is aspirational, compelling and directional thus giving a futuristic image of the statement. The Scott-Morgan (2001, 53) is aspirational, inspirational, and finally perspirational to provide a give clear cognitive and affective organizational future ideal component of the vision statement. All the vision statements are short, vivid, inspiring, concise, and they are free from any jargon or complicating words. This is because they provide a broad and inspirational image of the future thus incorporating the ‘wow’ factor in it. As a result they try to create the image of the future we are trying to create in tandem with the company’s aims and objectives. Most of the successful statements are engaging, memorable, powerful and compelling.

Why Economies Grow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Economies Grow - Essay Example Any country is said to be developed if the demand & supply chain of that country show that there is more supply of goods than demand by the market. Many factors count in this regard, the natural resources according to the geography, manufacturing, distribution, consumption, exchange medium etc. All these factors set the constraints & parameters in which the economy of any country works & may or may not flourish. All activities happening in a country also account for its economic growth. The occupations, education, business & investments are the basic pillars upon which the economy stands. The greater amount of people a country produce as literates or skilled workers, the more productivity will increase & the economy will grow. More the resources are being used by the government for its people, the less will be the demand & ultimately the economy will boost. Any country’s economy initially depends upon the extraction of natural resources like iron, coal, oil & gas, petroleum et c, then these are transformed from raw structure to products like machines, furniture, clothes etc, then these products are supplied to consumers along with the personal services provided by skilled workers. Finally economy depends upon the private & public sector facilities which include hospitals, transports, libraries, institutes etc. All these factors play their parts in the growth of any state’s economy. Overall, the size of economy of any country is determined by the Gross domestic product GDP & GDP per capita of that country, which only includes such economic activities in which the money is exchanged. The living standards in a particular state are measured through GDP per capita & every change in GDP indicates a change in the living standards. Economic growth is defined as the â€Å"increasing capacity of the economy to satisfy the wants of goods and services of the members of society. Economic growth is enabled by increases in productivity, which lowers the inputs i ncluding labor, capital, material, energy, etc for a given amount of output†. (Kendrick, John W.1961). In his famous book Why Economies Grow, Jeff Madrick argued that market growth through trade & expansion is the biggest factor of economical development. He also said that technological advancement is not the cause of economical growth in developed countries, rather it is an effect caused by the economical revolution during the mid of 20th century. The economic growth also generates such resources which improvise the social services sector which includes healthcare, safety, good infrastructure, education etc. Such kinds of resources diminish the affects of unequal distribution of income in the society & are equally distributed amongst the whole population. Hence every individual can take benefit from it. The healthier & stronger a nation, stronger will be the country & the economy will get more stable. Such resources increase the living standards of the general public & thus h uman development propels economic development of a country. If there is an increase in average income, it leads to proper use of social services provided thus building a healthy & prosperous nation. On the other hand, if poverty is reduced, there will be more use of social services & more population will enjoy their benefits. Economic growth is often related to Economic Freedom, which offers a surviving Hope to Countries which are struggling with poverty & other severe issues. Such countries must develop such policies by which economic growth will increase & then they have to go on the subject of health & food. The policies may include economic freedom in which citizens are allowed to make their own economic policies without the interference of

NOMAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NOMAD - Essay Example NOMAD is a portable has light and uses a 14.4v rechargeable battery to get power. NOMAD is light in weight and reduced size and is designed with an intention for proper operator handing. The beam of the machine is 1.5mm. When using this machine source to skin distance is kept at 20 – 30cm. The peak potential radiographic parameters and anode current are both fixed at60kv and 2.3 MA. The worker can only adjust the irradiation time which can change from 0.01 to 0.99. The NOMAD is a highly advantageous machine as it has the benefit of giving good result with dental imaging. Obtaining post mortem radiograph is an exclusive feature of NOMAD x ray machine. This machine was first used during the disaster of tsunami in Southeast Asia which was manufactured by Aribex. As per ( Cole,2011) â€Å"The NOMAD Pro Handheld X-ray System has revolutionized the way dental x-rays are taken. One lightweight 2.5-kg NOMAD does the work of multiple wall-mounted systems, and can be used with digital sensors, phosphor plates, or traditional film†. This x- ray machine was extremely dependable and effective device. Since the machine is of compact size and uses a batter powered operation is has proved useful in relatively austere environment. NOMAD’s first domestic use was in a DVI morgue by DMORT in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina where in conjunction with the DEXIS digital x- ray sensor. It performed excellently and provided the post mortem dental images with consistent and high quality. At present there are two models of NOMAD, the classic model is the original version of the device. As per ( Senn.2013.pg.183) â€Å" NOMAD x-ray machine weighs approximately eight pounds and is shielded in such a way to essentially eliminate all leakage from the body of the device†. The NOMAD x – ray machine does not have the problem like older x- ray machine where the operator has to stand 6ft from the machine when exposing a radiograph. The

Customer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Customer Behaviour - Essay Example Three key concepts, service quality, satisfaction, and customer loyalty are no longer the centre of creating a relationship with consumers. The latest trend in emphasis in relationship to the consumer is value (Foss 2011). Creating value for the consumer, or at the very least the appearance of value, has emerged as the economic crisis has created a dynamic in which economic restraint is in fashion. Therefore, expenditures are assessed for the value in contrast to the cost that is experienced by the consumer. While value may be at the forefront of the corporate goals in relationship to consumer expectations, service quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty comes through the value that is attached to a product or service. While these concepts may seem to have become set aside in favour of value, value is defined by these aspects so that the consumer feels they are getting the best possible service and product for their money. One cannot truly create value if quality and satisfaction are not met, and without quality and satisfaction, loyalty will not be the result. In trying to determine value, it is important to set criteria through which the company can operate and the consumer can perceive the value of their purchase. As an example, if a company can build computers for a lower rate, but still maintain high quality that have added an aspect of value for the consumer. ... Customer value comes when people become customers through repetitive buying behaviours, though adapting to the culture of the product line, and through becoming a resource that is then tapped in order to create further success. Understanding how customer value is achieved requires understanding consumer behaviour. Thus an understanding of the relationship between the organisation and the consumer can be achieved (Samover, Porter, and McDaniel 2011). The necessity to understand how value to the consumer and customer value is achieved must be attained through an understanding of relationships as they are defined through service quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty provides for the comprehensive understanding of customer value and in achieving value for the customer. Without the foundational concepts, the idea of value becomes a meaningless term with no basic understanding. It is essential that service quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty be involved in the construction of t he overall dynamic of the relationship that exists between the organisation and the consumer. Through these concepts, value is constructed Value The idea of value is based upon the exchange of use for benefit. From the perspective of the consumer, a product provides value through the benefits that are achieved in its use in comparison to the money that was spent to achieve the purpose that was intended. Value to a consumer, in this economic stage of history, is defined on a great number of levels, some of which are at the basic level, others residing at the level of self-actualisation. If Maslow’s Theory of Needs is applied to the concept of value, the basic needs such as food, shelter, and safety are

How computer technology can help the economy in China to improve lives Essay

How computer technology can help the economy in China to improve lives and standards of living - Essay Example The jobs that are being created in the China’s economy are low paying. The average monthly income of a Chinese manufacturing worker is $134 a month (Worldsalaries). The use of computers and information technology could help China and its people increase its standard of living. Technology allows for the creation of better paying jobs in the information technology field. This strategy is not limited to people that have a formal education in computer and information technology. The internet is a channel that human resource departments can use to hire employees in alternate work arrangements such as telecommuting. Telecommuting can be defined as the act of working from home rather than traveling back and forth to a workplace (Mass). Due to the terrain limitation of China which is about the same size as the United States, but with a population 22 times larger there is simply no more room to create jobs using traditional business models that require physical space. The Chinese econo my has to emphasize growth by expanding into the virtual economy. A country with a similar overpopulation problem that has taken advantage of information technology to achieve economic growth is India. Mass.gov. 2009. â€Å"Telecommuting† 8 December 2009.

The nature of society, social class divisions, and upward mobility in Essay

The nature of society, social class divisions, and upward mobility in Pride and Prejudice and Great Expectations - Essay Example It illustrates both convicts and lawyers who judge criminals in court hence an insinuation of the enlisted societal traits. In London prisons, Joe minds about their state. Throughout the book, imagery concerning crime with affiliations to justice has been used greatly. The institutions set in the community that the story is based are distinct, and Pip desires to live up to them. Pip decides to find a better way to life in the society out of crime (Dickens). He does this to avoid police traps, jails, and court. The statement insinuates of the extent to which crime and guilt versus innocence has penetrated the community. In addition, Magwitch together with Pip portray criminal character when they help each other to evade police in relation to the case where they both commit a crime. With reference to nature of societies, Pride and prejudice is a collection of a society with stringent norms and the entire episode revolves around love and class (Austen). Not much is said about crime or justice system like the one Dickens’ work put forward. The society here has segmented the class well adhered to and cannot be surpassed without regard to certain criteria and values. Like any society, the love stories in the piece are full of drama about the mistrust from the start proceed to complete trust and eventual marriage (Dickens). Elizabeth is a proud woman, a virtue that makes her characterize Darcy imperfectly from the onset. In addition, the same is replicated by Darcy who is of a different social class from Elizabeth and as such has a different first impression. However, as they tag along, they learn a lot from each other, and the setting enhances their standpoint enabling them to accommodate each other. The family of both steps into a relationship and they try to control their actions threatening with destroying it. The society is tight with its rules. Contrary to the Great expectations view of reputation in society, Austen’s work is all about reputation in society.

Information security management framework Research Paper

Information security management framework - Research Paper Example Frameworks are based on existing standards that have been accepted as well as guidelines and sets of practices that reflect the conduct of an initial community of organizations that perform highly(HrÃŒÅ'ebiÃŒ cÃŒÅ'ek, Schimak&Denzer, 2011). Governments along with business organizations have an ability to implement frameworks with the practices they prefer or are supposed to use for their market sectors and the entire country. Some of the benefits of possessing frameworks for information security management include the fact that they create a secure and well-arranged working environment while at the same time protecting information and information assets. Having frameworks for information security management also assists in the reduction of internal and external breaches in security, creating confidence among the employees and customers when dealing with the operations of the business and integrating recovery from disasters in order to ensure continuity of the business(Gantz&Philpott, 2013). Further benefits include prevention of information security incidences from taking place and detection of incidences from occurring. In the event that incidences take place, the frameworks for information security management are able to measure the impact of the incidences and respond to them in order to minimize the resulting damage. Additionally, they are able to embed continuous improvement in processes associated with information security while complying with rules and regulations. Information security frameworks are a sequence of standard procedures that are employed in defining policies and processes associated with the execution and continuous running of information security controls in an venture setting. The frameworks are essentially a plan for the creation of an information security plan with the aim of managing risks and reducing any vulnerability. Professionals in information security can employ

Primary School and Typical Young Kid Essay Example for Free

Primary School and Typical Young Kid Essay I can remember one event in my grade school days that I did not like. You could say it being one of my worst days of my life. I was in the fifth grade, in a school in Clovis, NM. This school believed in paddling if you got in trouble. The teacher I had, acted like he love to enforce this rule. He would tell us, every time we acted out, that he was going to paddle us as he waved his paddle in the air. We were told to do homework for the weekend and to bring it back on the next Monday. I didn’t want to do this long homework assignment, I wanted to go play with my friends and play video games. I was a typical young kid; I just wanted to have fun. That whole weekend I did not touch that assignment. I don’t even think I took my homework out from my backpack. The Moring of that Monday I completely forgot about my homework. When I got to school and sat down at my desk, the teacher asked â€Å"Who did their homework†? Most of the class raised their hands; I was not one of them. The teacher told for the ones that did not do their work have to stay in for recess and finish it. That just made me mad; I wasn’t allowed to go play with my friends. When recess time came and when my friends went out to play, I just stared out the window and refused to do my work. About the time recess was over and the class was coming in, the teacher walked in and told us to bring our work to his desk in front of the class. There was only two of use that gave him a blank assignment. He didn’t take that to well, as he grabbed both papers and directed us to follow him to the office. At the office he looked up for our parent’s numbers from the school records. When he called my step mom and told her what I did he asked if it was ok to discipline me, if he couldn’t do it than she was to come and do it herself. He hanged up the phone with only the word â€Å"Ok† and then he took both of us out in the hall and paddled us both with two swings each across our bottoms. I did not like that school day, I never saw that teacher the same way after that incident. It made me be aware of my actions. From that day I made sure I did all my work. I didn’t want to get paddle again. It was a very cruel way to punish but it was a very infected to make the kids listen.

The Cinematic Spectator

The Cinematic Spectator The cinematic spectator Both Hugo Munsterberg and Rudolf Arnheim took particular interest in the cinematic spectator and how the moving pictures on the screen affected them. Through close psychological analysis and the formulation of processes, each had their own take on the spectators engagement in the cinematic experience. Through close analysis we can get an insight and clearer understanding of why people are drawn to motion pictures and what happens to them when they arrive. Munsterberg describes viewing as an aesthetic experience while Arnheim deems it an unreal experience. This aesthetic experience Munsterberg acknowledges is where the film is a detachment or isolation from our daily routine and real time and reality are left behind, an experience that is entirely self contained (Andrew, 26). This experience begins when the picture does as slowly the spectator is disengaged from their reality and engaging with the reality on the screen. They are content in perceiving everything during that moment, isolated from all outer surroundings. This experience, according to Munsterberg, is attained through ones mind and this was the foundation for his conclusions. Based in Gestalt psychology, Munsterberg saw the mind composed as several levels where the higher were dependent on the operation and functionality of the lower. When each level was engaged, the spectator could fully engage with the picture by resolving what Munsterberg referred to as undistinguished stimuli, subconscious renderings that are summoned while viewing the work, creating a world which one could relate emotionally to the events and objects. The spectators mind, according to Munsterberg, then creates an internal object through a phi-phenomenon where emphasis is placed on the active powers of the spectator giving the film fluidity by bringing the mind to a state of full engagement and contentment, mentally held in a state of rapt attention. Munsterberg writes we do not see objective reality but a product of our own mind which binds the pictures together (The Means of the Photoplay, 411-412) which is accomplished through the means of what Munsterberg deemed photoplay. Photopl ay tells the story of the outside world through the manipulation of events to the forms of the world on the screen. This is accomplished by taking the outer space, time, and causality and adjusting the inners attention, memory, imagination and emotion. He sees the spectator as one who undergoes a psychological connection with the moving images presented on the screen and draws rational relations to them through their own personal experiences. Rudolph Arnheim sees the spectator as an active viewer who pays attention to the films form. He feels the meaning is a pattern rather than individual stimuli and shifts the focus away from the psychological side, Munsterbergs main basis, and shifts the focus to the material itself, the happenings of the film. This material Arnheim claims must be all factors which make it a less than perfect illusion of reality (Andrew, 28). This unreality takes on all aspects of the medium by manipulating the film elements such as projection, reduction, lighting, color, framing and editing. The artist controls and manipulates these elements for their own expression in trying to tell the story and to keep the viewer interested in what is presented on the screen. These aspects also make up the fabric of what Arnheim deemed film art. Arnheim says film art is based on the manipulation of the technically visible, not the humanly visual (Andrew, 29) meaning the elements and technical aspects used to create the medium must be manipulated in a way which tap into human emotions, experiences and surroundings. Trying to present these elements, however, did not come without limitations, which challenged the artists and their limits of expression. When all of the elements were presented in cohesion, Arnheim said the viewer underwent a transformation. This is shown clearly in Charlie Chaplins 1936 film Modern Times where the viewer is able to fully engage with the main character as he gracefully fumbles through his work day around the factory. We are transformed from our everyday lives into this comedic wonderland and are left wanting more. During the 1920s and 30s, spectators along with the artists were still adapting to this developing medium. Portraying and projecting posed a challenge for the filmmakers as to how they were going to take a 3D image to 2 dimensional and still be able to express themselves artistically. Arnheims take was art begins where mechanical reproduction leaves off, where the conditions of reproductions serve in some way to mold the object. And the spectator shows himself to be lacking in proper aesthetic appreciation when he is satisfied to see the picture as purely objective (PP, 1933 edition, 68-69). Since the images constantly moving and portraying body language, facial expressions and interacting with other things, the viewer must be active and engaged, not just observing the film for its images. Our eyes work with our other senses which allow us to experience the medium itself while we become lost in the illusion on the screen. These are the means by which Arnheim said the spectator can tr eat the film as such rather than reality. There are many reasons people were and still are drawn to motion pictures. We are mesmerized by the stories, images and meanings. The cinematic experience is of both mind and body. We draw from our life experiences, memories and knowledge and are transcended into another world. The experience heightens the senses; it can make you laugh or cry, leave you happy or sad. The images and thoughts from our own minds are activated and we relate to them passing on the screen. We live vicariously through the character(s) for that moment in time, we are detached from reality, emotionally attached, transcended from our daily routines.

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate The hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by alkaline phosphatase enzyme is a first order reaction dependent on the concentration of NPP in solution. A product of this reaction is nitrophenyl anion which has a high molar absorptivity at 410nm. This property makes it relatively easy to observe this reaction as a function of time via a spectrophotometer. By observing the reaction as a function of time it is possible to study the kinetics of this reaction and to determine how the initial reaction rate depends on the initial concentration of NPP. This relationship can be described by the Michaelis-Menton equation which is described in some detail. It is found that, as expected, reaction rate increases with an increase in NPP concentration. The Eadie-Hofstee plot is used to linearize the data and to obtain reasonable approximations for the Vmax and KM parameters found in the Michaelis-Menton equation. A process involving the minimization of a ÃŽ §2 value is used to obtain the final va lues of these two parameters: Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. These parameters produce a qualitatively strong fit for the data obtained and so the Michaelis-Menton equation reasonably accurately describes the relation between initial NPP concentration and reaction rate. It is found, as expected, that the addition of the inhibitor species phosphate decreases the rate of NPA formation. The inhibition constant KI obtained from the apparent KM value of the Michaelis-Menton equation. By averaging the KI value for several concentrations of inhibitor, = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M. Introduction Alkaline phosphatases are common enzymes found in places such as the mammalian intestine and the bacterium Escherichia coli. They are a family of two-subunit homologous enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of a large spectrum of phosphate monoesters to phosphate and neutral molecules. Because they catalyze a large variety of hydrolysis reactions, they are said to be non-specific. This reaction can be expressed as follows where R is any organic compound: R-OPO32- + H2O R-OH + HPO42- (1) By removing the phosphate, R becomes a neutral species that may more easily serve to facilitate transport of nutrients across cell membranes or other biological housekeeping processes. Alkaline phosphatases can also be used to remove phosphate groups from DNA molecules which allows for different manipulations of DNA. It is instructive to examine the kinetics of this reaction in order to more fully understand certain biochemical processes. Alkaline phosphatses are large molecules with a certain number of active sites in which the hydrolysis of smaller molecules is catalyzed. Competition for the active site of these enzymes is one aspect which may affect the kinetics of the reaction. We will examine the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by the E. coli alkaline phosphatase at a pH of 10.6 at room temperature. In particular, the maximum velocity Vmax and the Michaelis constant KM of the reaction are determined and the effect of the product HPO42- as an inhibitor is examined. Theory The initial rate, or the initial velocity, v of enzyme-catalyzed reactions has been observed to follow first order kinetics. That is, the rate of the reaction depends only on the initial substrate concentration. However, this only holds true at low values of substrate concentration and levels off to a maximum velocity V at large concentrations. The general form for the way in which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction is a noncovalent association of the substrate molecule to the enzyme followed by some catalytic steps that result in the product being released from the enzyme. S + E ES E + P (2) The enzyme concentration is almost always much smaller than the concentration of the substrate. Due to this, very quickly equilibrium will be reached where, as soon as product is released from the enzymes active site, a new substrate molecule will enter the active site. At this production of [ES] is said to be saturated, meaning it has a constant value which does not change with time. (3) This is said to be the steady state, or bottleneck, condition where all active enzyme sites are occupied. From this condition and the fact that matter is conserved, one can derive the rate law: (4) This is the Michaelis-Menton equation, where the Michaelis constant KM=(k-1 + k2)/k1. This value in a physical context is the substrate concentration midway between zero substrate and the concentration at which the reaction rate has become saturated. Also in the equation Vmaxk2E0 which is said to be the maximum velocity of the reaction. Here, v is the rate of the steady state enzyme reaction. In order to measure the reaction rates, the concentration of product or substrate must be observed as a function of time. It is expected that the concentration vs. time plot will be initially linear until the substrate is beginning to be used up where it would then level off to a constant value. p-nitrophenyl phosphate is chosen as the substrate because a product of its dephosphorylation, nitrophenolate anion has a high molar absorptivity in the blue wavelengths of visible light. This allows for the use of Beers Law to calculate concentration of the product from the absorbance at a specific wavelength of light. A410 = ÃŽ µ410,NPA l cNPA (5) Here, A is the absorbance at a wavelength of 410nm, l is the light path through the solution, ÃŽ µ is the molar absorptivity of the solution and c is the concentration. Thus, by observing the change in absorbance as a function of time, it is possible to observe the increase in product as a function of time. Once the reaction rates at each initial substrate concentration are known, it is necessary to determine the parameters Vmax and KM in the Michaelis-Menton equation (Equation 4) in order to fit the data to a mathematical trend. This nonlinear fit is difficult to make without first having reasonable estimates of Vmax and KM. However, by rearranging Equation 4, it is possible to linearize the equation such that reasonable approximations of the parameters can be obtained by performing a simple linear least-squares regression. One such linearization produces the Eadie-Hofstee plot of the form: v = Vmax KM (6) This equation can be used to give reasonable approximations of the two parameters, which can then be optimized to produce the values of Vmax ­ and KM ­. This optimization is performed by comparing the estimated rate from Equation 4 using the approximate values for the two parameters to the actual rate at different concentrations. A ÃŽ §2 is defined to be the sum of the deviations from the actual observations. A computer can be used to minimize this value by varying Vmax and KM where the values for these two parameters at the minimized ÃŽ §2 are the best approximations. The error in these values is found by minimizing the ÃŽ §2 at several values of Vmax and KM by varying the other parameter. A plot of these points can be used to determine the 95% confidence intervals for these values. Competitive inhibition is the process by which molecules that resemble the substrate can bind to the active site of the enzyme, establishing a competition between the substrate and this molecule for active sites on the enzyme. HPO4- is a product of the hydrolysis of NPP which acts as an inhibitor to the enzyme reaction. The effect of the addition of phosphate on the rate can be expressed as follows: (7) Here, all variables are the same as in Equation 4, where KI is the inhibition constant. Experiment An Ocean Optics USB 400 spectrophotometer is used to take all absorbance readings. All parts of the experiment take place at atmospheric pressure and are open air. In order to establish a basis of comparison, the absorbance at 410 nm is taken for nitrophenolate anion, NPA, the pure product of the enzyme reaction. From this, the molar absorptivity constant can be determined for NPA which can be used to determine the concentration of NPA in solution. Several solutions with a range of concentrations of the substrate nitrophenyl phosphate, NPP, are necessary to observe the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the enzyme reaction. The concentrations are chosen such that they span the range of the Michaelis-Menton plot. Upon the addition of enzyme to each solution, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is recorded by taking the absorbance reading at 410 nm at each time step. The reaction for each initial NPP concentration is charted for a sufficiently long time such th at an accurate least-squares fit can be made for the plot of concentration as a function of time. From this plot, the initial reaction rates for each NPP concentration can be determined and fit to an Eadie-Hofstee plot to determine approximate values for V and KM. To observe the inhibiting effect of phosphate on the enzyme reaction, several solutions with a range of phosphate concentrations all with equal concentrations of NPP must be prepared. Then, upon the addition of enzyme to the solutions, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is observed via the absorbance readings. It is necessary to keep the initial substrate concentration constant in this part so that the variation in the reaction rate can be attributed to only the variation in phosphate concentration. Discussion of Results As expected, increasing the initial substrate concentration served to increase the rate of product formation in the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate by an alkaline phosphatase enzyme. This can be seen clearly in Figure 1 where the slope of the graph of product (NPP) concentration as a function of time increases as enzyme concentration increases. For the trials with the three highest initial substrate concentrations, the enzyme concentration was half that used in every other run, meaning that the rate of reaction for these trials must be doubled for comparison purposes. This explains why the slopes of these lines are approximately half of what would be expected in Figure 1. Figure : The plot demonstrates that as substrate concentration increases, so too does the rate of product formation In order to determine the rate of reaction, a second order trend is fit to the data where the linear term in the equation is taken to be the rate of product formation. A second order least squares regression is used to fit the data because the rate of reaction is not truly constant over the timeframe observed. It is expected that the data will have a very slight negative concavity as, by Equation 2, the substrate concentration is decreasing at the same rate as the increase in NPA, leaving less NPP to form the enzyme-substrate complex which produces NPA. This means that the rate should decrease as a function of time the second order regression is used to correct for this fact, leaving the linear term to describe the rate of reaction. Figure 2 (attached) displays the approximate second order trends for NPA concentration as a function of time for each initial NPP concentration. These are only approximate trends as these may not be rigorously calculated, and in any case are over a small er range than that used in subsequent calculations. A more rigorous second order least-squares regression is performed to obtain the reaction rates for each initial substrate concentration. The rates along with the standard deviations for each rate are tabulated in Table 1. As stated previously, it has clearly been shown that as initial substrate concentration is increased, so too does the rate of the reaction. Additionally, the second order linear trend provides a very strong fit to the data. This is evidenced by the fact that the standard deviations of the rates are all 8 or 9 orders of magnitude smaller than the rate, meaning there is very little variance in the data from the trend calculated. Table 1: Enzyme Reaction Rate as a function of Substrate concentration [S0]/M Rate (M/sec) Rate SD 3.23E-03 3.94E-07 1.25E-15 1.61E-03 3.52E-07 2.50E-16 8.06E-04 2.96E-07 4.54E-16 4.03E-04 2.40E-07 4.77E-16 2.42E-04 1.73E-07 2.73E-16 1.45E-04 1.29E-07 2.58E-17 6.45E-05 7.97E-08 7.56E-17 3.23E-05 4.13E-08 4.78E-17 Once the rates at each initial NPP concentration are known, it is possible to attempt to describe the initial rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of initial substrate concentration. This relation can be described by Equation 4, and so the parameters Vmax and KM must be obtained. As stated previously, it is difficult to perform a nonlinear regression to describe rate as a function of time without having reasonably close guesses for these two parameters. By the process described previously whereby Equation 5 is used to linearize the data, we obtain the Eadie-Hostee plot displayed in Figure 3. Figure 3: The Eadie-Hofstee plot linearizes the data such that estimates of Vmax and Km can be obtained As can be seen in the figure, this method produces a roughly linear plot. By performing a linear least squares fit on the data, we can obtain guesses for the two parameters. Equation 6 makes it apparent that the slope of the plot is -KM and the intercept is Vmax. An analysis of the units bears this out: Vmax has units of M/sec (as does the rate because Vmax is the maximum initial rate of reaction at which the enzyme becomes completely saturated), and KM has units of M (as does substrate concentration because KM is the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax). The intercept and slope of the graph also have units of M/sec and M, respectively. From the plot, it is estimated that KM = 2.90*10-4 M and Vmax = 4.10*10-7 M/sec. Using these values for the parameters in the Michaelis-Menton equation (4), a decent fit of the data is obtained as seen in Figure 4. However, it is clear from the plot that the values for both parameters are too low. The plot begins to approach a value which is too low as the plot from the formula falls below the final data point. This suggests that the value of Vmax is too low. Additionally, the plot rises too quickly at low substrate concentrations which would cause KM to occur too early, as does the lower value of Vmax. Figure 4: The approximate values of Vmax and Km from the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce only a rough fit of the data These apparent inaccuracies in the values of Vmax and KM are most likely resulted from the fact that the Eadie-Hostfee plot does not use two separate variables on each axis. However, clearly these values are relatively close to the correct value as the plot roughly fits the data. By the process described previously, a computer can be used to produce more accurate values of Vmax and KM by minimizing the ÃŽ §2 value, which is the sum of the squares of the deviations from the data by the value predicted in the formula. Minimizing ÃŽ §2 by varying the two parameters gives the values in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of Vmax and Km values from Eadie-Hofstee plot and non-linear regression Eadie-Hofstee Non-linear Reg. Pos Error Neg Error Vmax (M/sec) 4.10E-07 4.28E-07 .32E-07 .28E-07 Km/M 2.90E-04 3.33E-04 .47E-04 .58E-04 As expected, the values of both parameters have increased, where Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and where KM = 3.33*10-4. The positive and negative errors for these two parameters are obtained by the process described above. At different values of each parameter, the ÃŽ §2 value is minimized while varying only the other variable. The plots of this process are appended. The confidence interval is taken to be 4.28*ÃŽ §2; that is the values at which these graphs cross this value corresponds to the lower and upper limits of each parameter. This error is also recorded in Table 2. Then by using Equation 4, one can use the multiplicative formula for error to determine error bars for the data points. These errors are tabulated in Table 3 for each initial substrate concentration. Table 3: Enzyme Reaction Rate as a function of Substrate concentration with Errors from Km and Vmax [S0]/M Rate (M/sec) pos error neg error 3.23E-03 3.94E-07 6.29E-08 7.33E-08 1.61E-03 3.52E-07 5.62E-08 6.55E-08 8.06E-04 2.96E-07 4.73E-08 5.51E-08 4.03E-04 2.40E-07 3.83E-08 4.47E-08 2.42E-04 1.73E-07 2.76E-08 3.22E-08 1.45E-04 1.29E-07 2.06E-08 2.40E-08 6.45E-05 7.97E-08 1.27E-08 1.48E-08 3.23E-05 4.13E-08 6.60E-09 7.68E-09 Using these corrected values for Vmax and KM, a more accurate formula to describe the data is obtained. Figure 5 clearly shows that the plot using these new values provides a much better fit to the data than does the plot of the approximate values for the parameters. All of the issues seen in the first plot are no longer present, and the formula clearly falls well within the error bars on each data point. Despite lacking a quantitative means of expressing the quality of the fit, it is possibly to qualitatively state by looking at the plot that the formula with the determined parameter values closely matches the experimental data. Figure 5: The optimized values of Vmax and Km from the estimates given by the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce a strong fit Finally, having confidence in the ability for the Michaelis-Menton equation to describe the effect of initial concentration on the rate of reaction, it is possible to study the effect of the addition of an inhibitor species on the rate of the reaction. Keeping the initial concentration of substrate fixed, the concentration of inhibitor in solution was varied. As would be expected, the addition of inhibitor species greatly reduced the rate of product formation. This is shown in Table 4. Table 4: Determination of mean inhibition costant Ki [I]/M Rate (M/sec) Km app/M Ki/M 0 2.40e-7 3.33e-4 0 3.23E-03 2.34E-08 6.84E-03 1.62E-04 6.45E-03 1.69E-08 9.80E-03 2.27E-04 9.68E-03 7.61E-09 2.14E-02 1.47E-04 [S]/M Avg Ki/M 1.79E-04 4.03E-04 SE .25E-04 Also observed is that the addition of more inhibitor species results in an increasingly reduced rate of product reaction. This makes sense because as more inhibitor species exists in solution, there are more molecules that can bind to the enzymes active sites, thereby inhibiting the formation of the enzyme-substrate that is necessary for product formation. As a result of the rate decreasing as the inhibitor concentration is increased, the apparent KM value greatly increases. This makes sense because the substrate would have to be significantly more concentrated to effectively compete and reach the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax. From Equation 7, it is possible to calculate the value of KI from the inhibitor concentration, the rate and Vmax. Averaging the values of KI for each inhibitor concentration gives a = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M. Conclusion The alkaline enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate is a first order reaction that depends on the initial concentration of substrate in solution when the concentration of enzyme is kept constant. A second order least-squares regression gives the initial rate of reaction as a function of time, where the rate of product formation increases as the initial concentration of substrate increases. The Eadie-Hosfstee plot was used to approximate the parameters Vmax and KM that are necessary to describe the relation between substrate concentration and rate of reaction. Optimizing these parameters through the minimization of a X2 value gives Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. The error in these parameters can be determined by each parameter separately to minimize the X2 value at different values for each parameter. These values for the parameters in the Michaelis-Menton equation produce a qualitatively strong fit for the data. The addition of an inhibitor species served to decre ase the rate of product formation where the increase in inhibitor concentration results in a decrease in rate. Using the Michaelis-Menton equation, the inhibition constant KI is found to be = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M.

Witch Craft :: essays research papers

Around the seventeenth century, the belief in witches and witch craft was almost everywhere. The Church of Rome, more than three hundred years ago, allowed punishments for the use of witch craft and after that thousands of suspected people were burned alive, drowned or hanged. In the sixteenth century, more than one hundred thousand accused and convicted people burned in the flames, in Germany. In England, enlightened men adopted the belief. The famous Sir Matthew Hale, who flourished during the civil war, the commonwealth and the period of the restoration of monarchy, repeatedly sentenced persons to death accused of witch craft. The Puritans brought the belief with them to America. They established laws for the punishment of witches, and before 1648, four people had suffered death for the supposed offence, in the neighborhood of Boston. The ministers of the gospel there were shadowed by the delusion, and because of their powerful social influence, they did more to foster the wild e xcitement and produce the distressing results of what is known in history as "Salem witch craft," than all others. In 1688, a wayward daughter of John Goodwin of Boston, about thirteen years of age, accused a servant girl of stealing some of the family linen. The servant's mother, a "wild Irish woman" and a Roman Catholic, impassioned disapproval the accuser as a false witness. The young girl, in revenge, pretended to be bewitched by the Irish woman. Some others of her family followed her example. They would alternately become deaf, dumb and blind, bark like dogs and purr like cats, but none of them lost their appetites or sleep. The Rev. Cotton Mather, a simple and conceited minister rushed to Goodwin's house to ease the witchery by prayer. Wonderful were the supposed effects of his desire. The devil was controlled by them for the time. Then four other ministers of Boston and one of Salem, as superstitious as himself, joined Mather they spent a whole day in the house of the "afflicted" in fasting and prayer, the result of which was the delivery of one of the family from the power of the witch. This was enough proof for the minds of the ministers that there must be a witch in the case, and these ignorant minister prosecuted the ignorant Irish woman as such. She was confused before the court, and spoke sometimes in her native Irish language, which nobody could understand, and which her accusers and judges explain into involuntary confession.

Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Essay -- Health Medicine Medical Essays

Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Abstract Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy(OPCA), is characterized by neuronal degeneration of the cerebellar cortex, the inferior olive, and the pons. The symptoms associated with it are primarily cerebellar ataxia with disturbances in equilibrium and gait. However, broader symptomology is usually seen with OPCA. Current research is focusing on three primary systems thought to be responsible for the etiology of OPCA. They are excitatory amino acid disturbances, oligodendroglial microtubular tangles, and phospholipid metabolism disorders. The only treatment for OPCA is therapy focusing on improving the dysphagia associated with the disorder. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) is a disease characterized primarily by the degeneration of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, pons, and inferior olive. It is a genetic disease, being either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive in nature. This disorder, which usually occurs in the middle years of life, presents symptoms of cerebellar ataxia, equilibrium disturbance, nystagmus, dysphasia, dysarthria, and possibly intellectual deficits. According to Merritt, the pathology of OPCA includes loss of Purkinje cells, reduction of the number of neurons in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum, degeneration of the folia and white matter of the cerebellum, atrophy of the inferior olives and of the olivo-cerebellar connections, and atrophy of the pontine nuclei, arcuate nuclei, and brachium pontis (15). In addition to this, degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, corticospinal tracts, and frontal and temporal lobes has been reported (15). Biopsies on living OPCA patients have suggested that there are n... ...cerebellar atrophy. Annals of Neurology, 26:362-367, 1989. 12. Kish, S., Robitaille, Y., El-Awar, M. et. al. Brain amino acid reductions in one family with chromosome 6p-linked dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Annals of Neurology, 30:780-784, 1991. 13.Landis, D., Rosenburg, R., Landis, S. et. al. Olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Archives of Neurology, 31:295--307, 1974. 14. Makowiec, R., Albin, R., Cha, J-H. et. al. Two types of quisqualate receptors are decreased in human olivopontocerebellar atrophy cerebellar cortex. Brain Research, 523:309-312, 1990. 15. Merritt, Houston. A Textbook of Neurology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 1967 16. Nakazato, Y., Yamazaki, H., Hirato, J. et. al. Oligodendroglial microtubular tangles in olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 49:521-530, 1990. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Essay -- Health Medicine Medical Essays Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Abstract Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy(OPCA), is characterized by neuronal degeneration of the cerebellar cortex, the inferior olive, and the pons. The symptoms associated with it are primarily cerebellar ataxia with disturbances in equilibrium and gait. However, broader symptomology is usually seen with OPCA. Current research is focusing on three primary systems thought to be responsible for the etiology of OPCA. They are excitatory amino acid disturbances, oligodendroglial microtubular tangles, and phospholipid metabolism disorders. The only treatment for OPCA is therapy focusing on improving the dysphagia associated with the disorder. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) is a disease characterized primarily by the degeneration of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, pons, and inferior olive. It is a genetic disease, being either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive in nature. This disorder, which usually occurs in the middle years of life, presents symptoms of cerebellar ataxia, equilibrium disturbance, nystagmus, dysphasia, dysarthria, and possibly intellectual deficits. According to Merritt, the pathology of OPCA includes loss of Purkinje cells, reduction of the number of neurons in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum, degeneration of the folia and white matter of the cerebellum, atrophy of the inferior olives and of the olivo-cerebellar connections, and atrophy of the pontine nuclei, arcuate nuclei, and brachium pontis (15). In addition to this, degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, corticospinal tracts, and frontal and temporal lobes has been reported (15). Biopsies on living OPCA patients have suggested that there are n... ...cerebellar atrophy. Annals of Neurology, 26:362-367, 1989. 12. Kish, S., Robitaille, Y., El-Awar, M. et. al. Brain amino acid reductions in one family with chromosome 6p-linked dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Annals of Neurology, 30:780-784, 1991. 13.Landis, D., Rosenburg, R., Landis, S. et. al. Olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Archives of Neurology, 31:295--307, 1974. 14. Makowiec, R., Albin, R., Cha, J-H. et. al. Two types of quisqualate receptors are decreased in human olivopontocerebellar atrophy cerebellar cortex. Brain Research, 523:309-312, 1990. 15. Merritt, Houston. A Textbook of Neurology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 1967 16. Nakazato, Y., Yamazaki, H., Hirato, J. et. al. Oligodendroglial microtubular tangles in olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 49:521-530, 1990.

Game Rental Shop :: Video Games Consumerism Spreadsheets Essays

Game Rental Shop Spreadsheet Rent it!!!!!! Games rental Identification To start my project I have chosen that I would do a spreadsheet for a games rental shop. This shop would be renting out games for people to borrow over a period of 3 nights. If the games are brought back later than the due in date then there will be a fine of  £1 every night. I think choosing to do a games rental shop is quite a good choice because it would involve lots of calculations. I think that excel would be very suitable software to use for this games shop as it would give me all the calculations and results. I am going to have a stock sheet on excel and another sheet which involves the sales and late charges. I will be calculating things such as adding up sales and late charges and adding up. Excel is the best program to calculate because I would be using its features to calculate. Using formulas you can calculate the whole database in a second. These are the sorts of calculations that we can get from excel:  · Average sales per week  · Most rented game  · Adding up the number of rentals in a week  · Working out the profit  · Fine charges etc. I can use excel to get results such as the most rentals in the week of a single game using a bar chart. Get results for the fine charges of the week again using bar charts and I can also use a pie chart to see the best renting title. Excel also has a function called sort. If there is almost 200 games on my database and next to them it tells you how many times this title has been rented out then all you have to do is click sort and it would tell you in order of what the best renting title is. Rather than an ordinary database program people prefer spreadsheets because it’s good for storing and retrieving. It can do calculations very fast and efficient. Excel also with the use of formulas is better than word processor or a database program. My end user would use the spreadsheet that I will design. My end user would be the shop owner who is using this as a super calculator and would help them get good outcomes from the spreadsheet. The end user requirements should be: * Fast data search * Accurate calculations * Easy to use (user friendly) * Everything sorted out by using the Sort function * Get good results and easy to understand them To get from one sheet to another sheet I will be using macro buttons.

Entrance Exam

Virgen Milagrosa University Fondation San Carlos City, Pangasinan College Of Computer Science SY (2012-2013) Entrance examination System of Psu Programmers: Julius Eric S. Tuliao CS II-B Arnel Soriano CS II-B Kenneth Gatpo CS II-B Data Dictionary Database Name : StudInfo Table Name: Table StudInfo Field NameData TypeField SizeDescription ID NumberAutonumberLong IntegerRefers to the ID number of the examinee. NameText28Refers to the name of the examinee. AddressText30Refers to the address of the examinee AgeText15Refers to the age of the examinee.GenderText6Refers to the gender of the examinee. StatusText10Refers to the civil status of the examinee ReligionText25Refers to the religious belief of the examinee Contact NumberNumberLong IntegerRefers to the contact number of the examinee. No. Of CorrectNumberLong IntegerRefers to the number of correct answers of the examinee. Scholarship DiscountText5Refers to the equivalent scholarship discount of the number correct answers of the examin ee. CourseText10Refers to the preferred course of the examinee. Table Name: AdminField NameData TypeField SizeDescription ID NumberAutonumberLong IntegerRefers To the ID number of the administrator UsernameText25Refers to the username of the administrator PasswordText25Refers to the password of the student Screenshots With Description When the user run the system a progressbar will appear when the progressbar is full a message box will be displayed that says that loading is complete. After Clicking the ok button in the message box the homepage will appear. The user will see that at the menu bar there is a File, Help, and Exit menus.The menu File contains the submenus: Administrator and Examinee Under the Help menu is the submenus: About the programmer and about the system which contains the information abut we the programmers and the system. The exit menu allows the user to exit the system but before the user could exit the system a message box will be shown in which he will be ask to confirm exit. This login form will appear once you click the submenu administrator under the File menu. It will then ask the user to enter his/her password and username.After the user enters the correct username and password the administrator form will appear which has four different menus namely: File, Account, View, and Report. The File menu contains the submenu logout which is used to exit the administrator form. The Account menu contains the new account. The View menu contains the View All submenu which allows the user to view all the enlisted information about the examinees. The Report Menu contain the submenus: View All, 100% discount, 75% discount, 50% discount, 25% discount and 0% discount.These submenus allows the user to have a printable copy of the examinees information and he could also choose among the different classification of the examinee who already took the examination. In this form you could add new account that will allow you to have access to the administrat or form. This is the form that shows the enlisted information of the examinees who already took up the examination. It allows the user to edit the information of the examinee (except the number of correct and the scholarship discount) and save it to the database. The user could also delete not needed records.The user could also move from one information to another just by clicking the next, previous, first and last buttons. This form is the about the system form it states the function of our system and other information about the system. This is the about the programmers form it allows the user to browse the information of the programmer of his/her choice by clicking the buttons whose captions corresponds to the name of the programmer. This is the information about one of the programmers of this system Arnel Soriano. This is the information about Kenneth Gatpo. This is the information of Julius Eric Tuliao.This is the data report of all the examinees. This is the information about t he students who has 100% discount on their tuition fees. Screenshots With Codes Codes: Private Sub Timer1_Timer() If (pb. Value) = 16 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"50%† ElseIf txtscore. Text >= 10 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"25%† ElseIf txtscore. Text >= 0 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"0%† End If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. Update Dim a As Integer a = MsgBox(â€Å"Thank You†¦ You Have Just Finished The Entrance Examination†, vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) frmhomepage. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. AddNew txtnam.Text = frmexamsignin. txtname. Text txtage. Text = frmexamsignin. txtage. Text txtadd. Text = frmexamsignin. txtaddress. Text txtstat. Text = frmexamsignin. cmbstat. Text txtgen. Text = frmexamsignin. cmbgender. Text txtrel. Text = frmexamsignin. txtreligion. Text txtcon. Text = frmexamsignin. txtcontact. Text txtcourse. Text = frmexamsignin. cmbcourse. Text txtscore. Text = 0 framea. Vi sible = True Frameb. Visible = True framec. Visible = False framed. Visible = False cmdsubmit. Visible = False End Sub Private Sub opt1_Click(Index As Integer) cmdsubmit. Visible = True End Sub Private Sub opt2_Click(Index As Integer) mdsubmit. Visible = True End Sub Private Sub opt3_Click(Index As Integer) cmdsubmit. Visible = True End Sub Private Sub optcheck30_Click() cmdsubmit. Visible = True End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() If (Val(lbltimer2) = 0) Then lbltimer1. Caption = Val(lbltimer1) – 1 lbltimer2. Caption = 59 Else lbltimer2. Caption = Val(lbltimer2 – 1) End If If (Val(lbltimer1) = 0 And Val(lbltimer2) = 0) Then Timer1. Enabled = False If optcheck1. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck2. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck3. Value = True Then txtscore.Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck4. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optch eck5. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck6. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck7. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck8. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck9. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck10. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck11.Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck12. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck13. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck14. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck15. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck16. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck17. Value = True Then txtsco re. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck18. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore.Text) + 1 End If If optcheck19. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck20. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck21. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck22. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck23. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck24. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck25. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck26. Value = True Then xtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck27. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck28. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If optcheck29. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Te xt) + 1 End If If optcheck30. Value = True Then txtscore. Text = Val(txtscore. Text) + 1 End If If txtscore. Text >= 25 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"100%† ElseIf txtscore. Text >= 19 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"75%† ElseIf txtscore. Text >= 16 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"50%† ElseIf txtscore. Text >= 10 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"25%† ElseIf txtscore.Text >= 0 Then txtper. Text = â€Å"0%† End If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. Update a = MsgBox(â€Å"Sorry your time is up†, vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) frmhomepage. Show Unload Me End If End Sub Codes: Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() txtname = â€Å"† txtage = â€Å"† txtstat = â€Å"† txtreligion = â€Å"† txtcontact = â€Å"† txtaddress = â€Å"† cmbgender = â€Å"† cmbcourse. Text = â€Å"† End Sub Private Sub cmdhome_Click() frmhomepage. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdsave_Click() Dim a As Integer If txtname. Text = à ¢â‚¬Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf txtaddress. Text = â€Å"† Then = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf txtage. Text = â€Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf txtcontact. Text = â€Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf txtreligion. Text = â€Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf cmbgender. Text = â€Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. â€Å", vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) ElseIf cmbstat. Text = â€Å"† Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Please Fill Up All The Fields. , vbInformation + vb OKOnly, â€Å"message†) Else cmdtake. Visible = True End If End Sub Private Sub cmdtake_Click() Load frmexam frmexam. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() txtname. Text = â€Å"† txtage. Text = â€Å"† txtaddress. Text = â€Å"† txtreligion. Text = â€Å"† txtcontact. Text = â€Å"† cmbstat. Text = â€Å"† cmbgender. Text = â€Å"† cmbcourse. Text = â€Å"† cmbgender. AddItem (â€Å"Male†) cmbgender. AddItem (â€Å"Female†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Widow†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Married†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Single†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Legally Separated†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSCS†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSED†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSBA†) cmbcourse.AddItem (â€Å"BSENG†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSPHAR†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSDENTISTRY†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSHRM†) cmbcourse. AddItem (à ¢â‚¬Å"BSN†) End Sub Private Sub txtcontact_Change() If Not IsNumeric(txtcontact. Text) Then txtcontact. Text = â€Å"† End If End Sub Codes: Private Sub cdm_Click(Index As Integer) txtpin = txtpin & cdm(Index). Caption End Sub Private Sub cmd_Click() txtpin. Text = Left(txtpin, Len(txtpin) – 1) End Sub Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() ‘set the global var to false ‘to denote a failed login LoginSucceeded = False Me. Hide Load frmhomepage frmhomepage. Show End Sub Private Sub cmdOK_Click() Dim a As StringOn Error GoTo record If (DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. BOF = True) And (DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. EOF = True) Then Exit Sub a = MsgBox(â€Å"valid Account or Password†, vbInformation, â€Å"Error†) txtuser. Text = â€Å"† txtpass. Text = â€Å"† Exit Sub End If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. MoveFirst If txtuser. Text = lbla. Caption And txtpass. Text = lblp. Caption Then Load frmadminmenu frmadminmenu. Show Me. Hide txtuser. Text = â€Å"† txtpass. Text = â€Å"† End If Do With DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2 .MoveNext If . EOF Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"Invalid Account or Password, try again! â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Error†) txtuser.Text = â€Å"† txtpin. Text = â€Å"† Exit Sub ElseIf txtuser. Text = lbla. Caption And txtpass. Text = lblp. Caption Then Load frmadminmenu frmadminmenu. Show Me. Hide txtuser. Text = â€Å"† txtpass. Text = â€Å"† Exit Sub Else End If End With Loop Until (DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. EOF) record: Exit Sub End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() lbla. Visible = False lblp. Visible = False Picture1. Visible = True Picture2. Visible = False End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() Picture1. Visible = True Picture2. Visible = False End Sub Private Sub Timer2_Timer() Picture2. Visible = True Picture1. Visible = False End Sub Codes:Private Sub cmdback_Click() frmadminmenu. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() txtPassword = â⠂¬Å"† txtUserName = â€Å"† End Sub Private Sub cmdOK_Click() DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. Update Dim a As String a = MsgBox(â€Å"Your Username and Password has been Saved†) End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() DataEnvironment1. rsCommand2. AddNew Picture1. Visible = True Picture3. Visible = False End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() Picture1. Visible = True Picture3. Visible = False End Sub Private Sub Timer2_Timer() Picture3. Visible = True Picture1. Visible = False End Sub Codes: Private Sub cmdarnel_Click()Load frmprograma frmprograma. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmderic_Click() Load frmprogramj frmprogramj. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdken_Click() Load frmprogramk frmprogramk. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub home_Click() frmhomepage. Show Unload Me End Sub Codes: Private Sub cmdprogram_Click() Load frmprogram frmprogram. Show Unload Me End Sub Codes: Private Sub admin_Click() frmadminmenu. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdadminmenu_Click() End Sub Private Sub cmddelete_Click() If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. EOF True Then X = MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure you want to delete this item? , vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"This data is not recoverable†) If X = vbNo Then Exit Sub Else On Error Resume Next DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. Delete DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveNext If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. EOF = True Then DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveLast End If End If Else X = MsgBox(â€Å"no current record†, vbOKOnly + vbInformation, â€Å"Warning! â€Å") End If End Sub Private Sub cmdedit_Click() txtname. Locked = False txtaddress. Locked = False txtage. Locked = False cmbgender. Locked = False cmbstat. Locked = False txtreligion. Locked = False txtcontact. Locked = False End Sub Private Sub cmdfirst_Click()DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveFirst cmdnext. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub cmdlast_Click() DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveLast cmdprev. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub cmdnext_Cli ck() Dim a As String If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. EOF = True Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"End of file was encountered†, vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) cmdnext. Enabled = False Exit Sub Else DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveNext cmdprev. Enabled = True End If End Sub Private Sub cmdprev_Click() Dim a As String If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. BOF = True Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"beginning of file was encountered†, vbInformation + bOKOnly, â€Å"message†) cmdprev. Enabled = False Exit Sub Else DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MovePrevious cmdnext. Enabled = True End If End Sub Private Sub cmdsave_Click() DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. Update X = MsgBox(â€Å"data Updated†, vbOKOnly + vbInformation) txtname. Locked = True txtaddress. Locked = True txtage. Locked = True txtreligion. Locked = True txtcontact. Locked = True txtcorrect. Locked = True txtdiscount. Locked = True cmbgender. Locked = True cmbstat. Locked = True End Sub Private Sub cmdsearch_ Click() Dim a As Integer Dim search As String On Error GoTo record search = â€Å"† If (DataEnvironment1. sCommand1. BOF = True And DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. EOF = True) Then Exit Sub End If DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. MoveFirst search = InputBox(â€Å"Enter Name†, â€Å"Search a record†) If search = txtname. Text Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"record Found†, vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) End If Do With DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1 .MoveNext If . EOF Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"No record Found†, vbInformation + vbOKOnly, â€Å"message†) Exit Sub ElseIf search = txtname. Text Then a = MsgBox(â€Å"record Found†) Exit Sub Else End If End With Loop Until (DataEnvironment1. rsCommand1. EOF) record: Exit Sub End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() txtname.Locked = True txtaddress. Locked = True txtage. Locked = True txtreligion. Locked = True txtcontact. Locked = True txtcorrect. Locked = True txtdiscount. Locked = True cmbgender. Locked = True cmbstat. Locked = True cmbgender. AddItem (â€Å"Male†) cmbgender. AddItem (â€Å"Female†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Single†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Married†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Legally Separated†) cmbstat. AddItem (â€Å"Widow†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSCS†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSED†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSBA†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSENG†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSPHAR†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSDENTISTRY†) cmbcourse. AddItem (â€Å"BSHRM†) cmbcourse.AddItem (â€Å"BSN†) End Sub Private Sub homepage_Click() frmhomepage. Show Unload Me End Sub Introduction of entrance examination system Computers greatly enhances the speed and accurate result of counting process. Results could be attained even right after the examinations reducing the time to a simple part compare to the time it takes if the examinations is done manually. Computerize entrance examin ations have the possible to create examinations results with much greater accuracy than traditional paper-based entrance examination system. Computer machines invented to influence us to make our work easier and better.In schools, banks and offices use computerized system in its operations to avoid time consuming and improve competence for the better service. With the help of computerized system people may take their advantages in order to meet their work faster. The world is changing so fast that we need to keep abreast to the fast upgrading of computer technologies to make us more productive. Many schools that conduct examination are using their manual based system up to present. In managing their system, they have encountered difficulties and problems for it is laborious and time consuming.The Guidance Counselor of PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERISITY San Carlos Campus gave the entrance exam to all incoming freshmen in order to test the mental capabilities of every student. In Manual Sys tem, the processing of transactions of the Guidance Counselor may take time consuming in recording, checking and retrieving files of students. If the students did not meet the cut off score in the examination, the student will not be qualified to enroll in the school. This study is about a Local Area Network (LAN) Based examination which allows communication from server to client or vice versa to provide data and to make the task easier

Personal Statement †Graduate Program/Social Work Essay

Since I was a child my passion was in education. If anyone asked me â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up?† my response was always the same â€Å"a teacher.† I always had a strong sense of compassion and a strong desire to help people. I consider myself to be very well-rounded, sensitive and a good listener, I am happiest when I am working to help others. When I first started my path towards my bachelor’s degree in education, I knew I was well on my way to becoming a teacher, I was excited to know that my dream was finally coming true. Then one day during my last year at Montclair State University I took a class with Dr. Reid â€Å"Field Experience Family/Child Services† that focused on different social issues that affect society. When I heard Dr. Reid discuss various research projects that had been conducted on how children from low socioeconomic households and communities develop academic skills more slowly compared to children from higher socioe conomic groups, I knew that I wanted to affect change on a totally different level. During the course of that class we discussed how children’s academic skills are directly correlated with their home environment and under- resourced schools often located in lower economic communities. This was very apparent in the field work I did that semester at Straight and Narrow, Inc. located in Paterson New Jersey. This program helped families rebuild relationships after serving time in correctional facilities and/or rehabilitation programs. After that semester I was certain without a doubt that I was making the right decision of changing my major from teaching to social work. Although I have always been blessed in that I was raised by loving parents and have been surrounded by a healthy environment, I have always had and felt compassion for people who were not as fortunate as me. Whether the individual is a child, an elderly person, disabled or financially unstable person, I have always firmly believed that all people are created equal and as such should be treated the same no matter what their circumstances may be. I have always advocated and assisted people who do not have a voice, are scared or simply do not know where to ask for assistance. Everyone is entitled to be made aware of their rights and if they cannot speak for themselves, they deserve to be assisted by a knowledgeable and professional person who genuinely puts forth an effort to help reach his or her goals. I am saddened when I find out cases where various social services and or resolutions were available but  not used in order to assist a child and/or person in need to overcome their circumstances. I have worked in the social service field in one capacity or another for the past year and half, and have learned that in order to fix any type of problem in the community you must find the root of the problem. Therefore, I strongly believe that working with children and exposing them to positive changes during their formative years is crucial in making them productive adults for the future. I would like to continue working with children and families, as this group concerns me the most. In addition, I feel that young people at risk and elderly people without a voice are compatible. I believe that children generally speaking can benefit and learn a lot from being exposed to older and wiser people. I grew up loving and admiring older people in my family such as my grandmother. The sense of respect and wisdom gained from elderly people are very healthy for children. I would like to someday see more interest to be taken in bringing young and elderly people together, especially at-risk teens. By acknowledging and understanding the interconnected systems that affect these groups, I hope to make a difference in the lives of children, families and their surrounding environments. During the time I was completing my undergraduate degree, I took a lot of time to reflect and self-assess my strengths and areas I would like to grow and improve upon. The area that I feel that has always been the most important for me and that I continue to always seek improvement is the Social Worker’s commitment to their Client. The client’s best interest should always come first, in spite of your own personal beliefs, society’s stigmatizations and in some cases the client’s own wants. Sometimes this has been the most challenging part of my work experience; therefore, I look to take courses during my masters program that can improve and strengthen my communication skills with my clients; especially when the right choice for a client may not be the most difficult choice. Competence is a principle I value and always remember to use. I am aware that the class curriculum, field practice and prior work experience are all indicators of my abilities in social work practice. I am confident in my abilities in working with others and understand the importance of teamwork. Therefore, as I continue to work in the field and various social service agencies, I understand the  importance in building a network of more experienced professionals in the field of social work, in order to be able to consult with them and learn different practices used in the field. An area that I look to further expand my skills is in techniques in interviewing the client. Because of my work experience, I am confident in working with disabled people and children on an individual and group basis, yet since my experience is limited, I feel I can further improve upon my interviewing skills through more education and field practice. Through various assignments in my previous courses and wo rk experience, I have realized there are better ways of asking questions to get effective client feedback. I continue to explore different interview methods and approaches when it comes to dealing with different clients. No matter how difficult the client or their circumstances, I am ready for the challenge. I currently work at the Mental Health Association of Essex County in Montclair New Jersey as a Recovery Counselor. At this agency we help mentally disabled adults and homeless at-risk teenagers integrate into independent living. We provide assistance with employment opportunities, with obtaining social security benefits, financial counseling and provide transportation to various support service agencies. In addition, we help our client’s secure permanent housing through state funding programs. My family is very supportive of my going to graduate school and they are willing to help and support in any way that they can. In retrospect, I always knew I was destined to choose a career path in public service, the most influential people in my upbringing service the public in one way or another. My father is a 24 year veteran in the Newark Police Department, not only is he a sergeant but he has also served as a Deputy Mayor and City Council Member during his tenure. My mother has worked for the past 22 years in the Division of Welfare, specifically working with the women and children’s program. In addition, my step mother, brother and aunt serve as police officers for many years. After gaining some work experience in the field, the decision to further pursue a masters degree at the Rutgers University School of Social Work seemed like the natural next step to take in order to further enhance my career and skills. Once admitted to the masters program, my preference is to intern in a school setting in order to gain a more centralized experience in the area of guidance counselor and social work. As a professional social worker with a masters degree from  Rutgers University School of Social Work I see myself as an advocate within the school system, where I can work one-on-one with children as a guidance counselor or family social worker. I believe that furthering my education coupled with my passion for children is where I am best suited to affect the most change and make an impacting difference. In addition, being a successful Latina is important to me, by setting a positive role model for others younger that I to follow as an example to the community, specifically being able to communicate professionally not only in English but in Spanish as well. Rutgers School of Social Work has the best masters program in the area and I feel that they will provide me with the best credentials to be successful in the future as a social worker. Thank you for your consideration of my application.